Publications

BACKGROUND: Intubation in rural emergency departments (EDs) is a high-risk procedure, often with little or no specialty support. Rural EDs are utilizing real-time telemedicine links, connecting providers to an ED physician who may provide clinical guidance.

INTRODUCTION: We endeavored to describe telemedicine-assisted intubation in rural EDs that are served by an ED telemedicine network.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective data were collected on all patients who had an intubation attempt while on the video telemedicine link from May 1, 2014 to April 30, 2015. We report demographic information, indication, methods, number of attempts, operator characteristics, telemedicine involvement/intervention, adverse events, and clinical outcome by using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS: Included were 206 intubations. The most common indication for intubation was respiratory failure. First-pass success rate (postactivation) was 71%, and 96% were eventually intubated. Most attempts (66%) used rapid-sequence intubation. Fifty-four percent of first attempts used video laryngoscopy (VL). Telemedicine providers intervened in 24%, 43%, and 55% of first-third attempts, respectively. First-pass success with VL and direct laryngoscopy was equivalent (70% vs. 71%, p = 0.802). Adverse events were reported in 49 cases (24%), which were most frequently hypoxemia.

DISCUSSION: The impact of telemedicine during emergency intubation is not defined. We showed a 71% first-pass rate post-telemedicine linkage (70% of cases had a previous attempt). Our ultimate success rate was 96%, similar to that in large-center studies. Telemedicine support may contribute to success.

CONCLUSIONS: Telemedicine-supported endotracheal intubation performed in rural hospitals is feasible, with good success rates. Future research is required to better define the impact of telemedicine providers on emergency airway management.

BACKGROUND: As the numbers of emergency department (ED) visits and inpatient admissions continue to increase, there is growing interest in alternatives to inpatient hospitalization.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate a novel approach to expediting discharges from the ED with multidisciplinary discharge services to prevent an avoidable admission into the hospital.

METHODS: This pilot study was conducted at a large urban tertiary-care ED in 2016. All patients presenting to the ED with planned inpatient or observation admission were considered for discharge with enhanced discharge planning services. The patients selected, discharge diagnoses, and outcomes were analyzed by descriptive statistics. This study was approved by the study site's Institutional Review Board, including waiver of patient consent.

RESULTS: During the pilot period, 57 out of 143 (40%) selected patients with planned admission were discharged with enhanced discharge planning services. Median ED length of stay was 17.2 h and mean patient age was 73 years old. Of these patients, 7 (12%) returned within 72 h and 4 (0.07%) were subsequently admitted to the hospital.

CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, a novel approach to expediting discharges from the ED with multidisciplinary discharge services was feasible and resulted in fewer admissions to the hospital.

BACKGROUND: Medical student evaluations are essential for determining clerkship grades. Electronic evaluations have various advantages compared to paper evaluations, such as increased ease of collection, asynchronous reporting, and decreased likelihood of becoming lost.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether electronic medical student evaluations (EMSEs) provide more evaluations and content when compared to paper shift card evaluations.

METHODS: This before and after cohort study was conducted over a 2.5-year period at an academic hospital affiliated with a medical school and emergency medicine residency program. EMSEs replaced the paper shift evaluations that had previously been used halfway through the study period. A random sample of the free text comments on both paper and EMSEs were blindly judged by medical student clerkship directors for their helpfulness and usefulness. Logistic regression was used to test for any relationship between quality and quantity of words.

RESULTS: A total of 135 paper evaluations for 30 students and then 570 EMSEs for 62 students were collected. An average of 4.8 (standard deviation [SD] 3.2) evaluations were completed per student using the paper version compared to 9.0 (SD 3.8) evaluations completed per student electronically (p < 0.001). There was an average of 8.8 (SD 8.5) words of free text evaluation on paper evaluations when compared to 22.5 (SD 28.4) words for EMSEs (p < 0.001). A statistically significant (p < 0.02) association between quality of an evaluation and the word count existed.

CONCLUSIONS: EMSEs that were integrated into the emergency department tracking system significantly increased the number of evaluations completed compared to paper evaluations. In addition, the EMSEs captured more "helpful/useful" information about the individual students as evidenced by the longer free text entries per evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a problem list automatically generated from the emergency department (ED) medication reconciliation.

METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted via the ED who also had a prior inpatient admission within the past year of an academic tertiary hospital. Our algorithm used the First Databank ontology to group medications into therapeutic classes, and applied a set of clinically derived rules to them to predict obstructive lung disease, hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure (CHF), and thromboembolism (TE) risk. This prediction was compared to problem lists in the last discharge summary in the electronic health record (EHR) as well as the emergency attending note.

RESULTS: A total of 603 patients were enrolled from 03/29/2013-04/30/2013. The algorithm had superior sensitivity for all five conditions versus the attending problem list at the 99% confidence level (Obstructive Lung Disease 0.93 vs 0.47, Hypertension 0.93 vs 0.56, Diabetes 0.97 vs 0.73, TE Risk 0.82 vs 0.36, CHF 0.85 vs 0.38), while the attending problem list had superior specificity for both hypertension (0.76 vs 0.94) and CHF (0.87 vs 0.98). The algorithm had superior sensitivity for all conditions versus the EHR problem list (Obstructive Lung Disease 0.93 vs 0.34, Hypertension 0.93 vs 0.30, Diabetes 0.97 vs 0.67, TE Risk 0.82 vs 0.23, CHF 0.85 vs 0.32), while the EHR problem list also had superior specificity for detecting hypertension (0.76 vs 0.95) and CHF (0.87 vs 0.99).

CONCLUSION: The algorithm was more sensitive than clinicians for all conditions, but less specific for conditions that are not treated with a specific class of medications. This suggests similar algorithms may help identify critical conditions, and facilitate thorough documentation, but further investigation, potentially adding alternate sources of information, may be needed to reliably detect more complex conditions.

Phospholipases A2 are enzymes that liberate membrane-bound lipids in a tissue and cell-specific fashion. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 is necessary for the development of M2 macrophages and their effector functions in a mouse model of the T-helper-2 allergic airway inflammation. However, the function of group V phospholipase A2 in human M2 activation and T-helper-2 inflammation is ill-defined. Transglutaminase-2, a protein cross-linking enzyme, is a newly identified marker of both human and mouse interleukin-4-activated M2 macrophages and is also found in the lungs of patients with asthma. We report that group V phospholipase A2 and transglutaminase-2 colocalized in macrophages of human nasal polyp tissue obtained from patients with T-helper-2 eosinophilic inflammation, and their coexpression positively correlated with the number of eosinophils in each tissue specimen. We demonstrate that in human monocyte-derived macrophages activated by interleukin-4, group V phospholipase A2 translocated and colocalized with transglutaminase-2 in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of macrophages. Moreover, knocking down group V phospholipase A2 with small interfering ribonucleic acid reduced macrophage transglutaminase activity, whereas mass spectrometry analysis of lipids also showed reduced prostaglandin E2 production. Finally, exogenous prostaglandin E2 restored transglutaminase activity of group V phospholipase A2-small interfering ribonucleic acid-treated macrophages. Thus, our study shows a novel function of group V phospholipase A2 in regulating the transglutaminase activity of human interleukin-4-activated M2 macrophages through prostaglandin E2 generation and suggests that group V phospholipase A2 is a functionally relevant enzyme that may have therapeutic value for the treatment of human T-helper-2 inflammatory disorders.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to investigate the factors associated with first-pass success in pediatric intubation in the emergency department (ED).

METHODS: We analyzed the data from two multicenter prospective studies of ED intubation in 17 EDs between April 2010 and September 2014. The studies prospectively measured patient's age, sex, principal indication for intubation, methods (e.g., rapid sequence intubation [RSI]), devices, and intubator's level of training and specialty. To evaluate independent predictors of first-pass success, we fit logistic regression model with generalized estimating equations. In the sensitivity analysis, we repeated the analysis in children <10 years.

RESULTS: A total of 293 children aged ≤18 years who underwent ED intubation were eligible for the analysis. The overall first-pass success rate was 60% (95%CI [54%-66%]). In the multivariable model, age ≥10 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.45; 95% CI [1.23-4.87]), use of RSI (aOR, 2.17; 95% CI [1.31-3.57]), and intubation attempt by an emergency physician (aOR, 3.21; 95% CI [1.78-5.83]) were significantly associated with a higher chance of first-pass success. Likewise, in the sensitivity analysis, the use of RSI (aOR, 3.05; 95% CI [1.63-5.70]), and intubation attempt by an emergency physician (aOR, 4.08; 95% CI [1.92-8.63]) were significantly associated with a higher chance of first-pass success.

CONCLUSION: Based on two large multicenter prospective studies of ED airway management, we found that older age, use of RSI, and intubation by emergency physicians were the independent predictors of a higher chance of first-pass success in children. Our findings should facilitate investigations to develop optimal airway management strategies in critically-ill children in the ED.

Advanced airway management in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is hazardous, with associated adverse outcomes. This report describes a methodology to develop a bundle to improve quality and safety of tracheal intubations. A prospective observational cohort study was performed with expert consensus opinion of 1715 children undergoing tracheal intubation at 15 PICUs. Baseline process and outcomes data in tracheal intubation were collected using the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children reporting system. Univariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with adverse tracheal intubation-associated events. A multidisciplinary quality improvement committee was formed. Workflow analysis of tracheal intubation and pilot testing were performed to develop the Airway Bundle Checklist with 4 parts: (1) risk factor assessment, (2) plan generation, (3) preprocedure time-out to ensure that providers, equipment, and plans are prepared, (4) postprocedure huddle to identify improvement opportunities. The Airway Bundle Checklist developed may lead to improvement in airway management.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We describe emergency department (ED) intubation practices for children younger than 16 years through multicenter prospective surveillance.

METHODS: Academic and community EDs in the United States, Canada, and Australia recorded data electronically, from 2002 to 2012, with verified greater than or equal to 90% reporting.

RESULTS: Ten of 18 participating centers provided qualifying data, reporting 1,053 encounters. Emergency physicians initiated 85% of intubations. Trainees initiated 83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 81% to 85%). Premedication became uncommon, reaching less than 30% by the last year. Etomidate was used in 78% of rapid sequence intubations. Rocuronium use increased during the period of study, whereas succinylcholine use declined. Video laryngoscopy increased, whereas direct laryngoscopy declined. The first attempt was successful in 83% of patients (95% CI 81% to 85%) overall. The risk of first-attempt failure was highest for infants (relative risk versus all others 2.3; 95% CI 1.8 to 3.0). Odds of first-attempt success for girls relative to boys were 0.57. The odds were 3.4 times greater for rapid sequence intubation than sedation without paralysis. The ultimate success rate was 99.5%.

CONCLUSION: Because we sampled only 10 centers and most of the intubations were by trainees, our results may not be generalizable to the typical ED setting. We found that premedication is now uncommon, etomidate is the predominant induction agent, and rocuronium and video laryngoscopy are used increasingly. First-attempt failure is most common in infants.

INTRODUCTION: Video laryngoscopy (VL) has been advocated for several aspects of emergency airway management; however, there are still concerns over its use in select patient populations such as those with large volume hematemesis secondary to gastrointestinal (GI) bleeds. Given the relatively infrequent nature of this disease process, we sought to compare intubation outcomes between VL and traditional direct laryngoscopy (DL) in patients intubated with GI bleeding, using the third iteration of the National Emergency Airway Registry (NEARIII).

METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected national database (NEARIII) of intubations performed in United States emergency departments (EDs) from July 1, 2002, through December 31, 2012. All cases where the indication for intubation was "GI bleed" were analyzed. We included patient, provider and intubation characteristics. We compared data between intubation attempts initiated as DL and VL using parametric and non-parametric tests when appropriate.

RESULTS: We identified 325 intubations, 295 DL and 30 VL. DL and VL cases were similar in terms of age, sex, weight, difficult airway predictors, operator specialty (emergency medicine, anesthesia or other) and level of operator training (post-graduate year 1, 2, etc). Proportion of successful first attempts (DL 261/295 (88.5%) vs. VL 28/30 (93.3%) p=0.58) and Cormack-Lehane grade views (p=0.89) were similar between devices. The need for device change was similar between DL [2/295 (0.7%) and VL 1/30 (3.3%); p=0.15].

CONCLUSION: In this national registry of intubations performed in the ED for patients with GI bleeds, both DL and VL had similar rates of success, glottic views and need to change devices.